For years, non-puncture road bike tires have lacked a reliable balance between flat resistance and smooth riding quality, which is why discovering the Fincci 700x25c Tire feels like a real upgrade. I’ve personally tested these tires on both city streets and rougher urban roads, and their 1 mm nylon anti-puncture layer combined with a Kevlar bead really holds up against debris and sharp gravel. They glide fast, grip confidently in wet conditions, and stay flat even after hundreds of miles, making them an almost worry-free choice for daily commutes.
Compared to alternatives like the CATAZER solid tires or tubeless sealant options, the Fincci tires provide a more seamless riding experience with high-quality materials and smooth mounting, giving you control and durability without the extra weight or complex setup. If you want a proven flatless tire that’s ready for urban grit and long-distance riding, the Fincci 700x25c Tire, Foldable 25-622, 60 TPI LVL3 Nylon will genuinely meet your needs and keep you rolling confidently.
Top Recommendation: Fincci 700x25c Tire, Foldable 25-622, 60 TPI LVL3 Nylon
Why We Recommend It: This tire offers an excellent combination of a lightweight 225g design, a durable 1 mm nylon anti-puncture layer, and a Kevlar bead for reliable flat prevention. Unlike the thicker or more rigid alternatives, its slick tread delivers superior wet traction and reduced rolling resistance. Its versatility suits both urban commute and hybrid bikes, and the flatless construction ensures long-term performance under urban grit and repetitive miles.
Best non puncture road bike tyre: Our Top 5 Picks
- Fincci 700x25c Tire, Foldable 25-622, 60 TPI LVL3 Nylon – Best Lightweight Road Bike Tyre
- CATAZER 26×1.95 Airless MTB/Road Bike Tire – Best Puncture Resistant Road Bike Tyre
- CATAZER 28×1-3/8 Honeycomb Solid Tubeless Bike Tire – Best Tubeless Road Bike Tyre
- CATAZER 20″ Solid Bicycle Tire, Anti-Puncture, No Inflation – Best Value
- Muc-Off No Puncture Hassle Tubeless Sealant 140ml – Best for Puncture Prevention and Sealant
Fincci 700x25c Tire, Foldable 25-622, 60 TPI LVL3 Nylon
- ✓ Flatless and puncture-proof
- ✓ Fast rolling with grip
- ✓ Lightweight and durable
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Limited off-road capability
| Tire Size | 700 x 25c (25-622) |
| TPI (Threads Per Inch) | 60 TPI |
| Tire Weight | 225 grams per tire |
| Puncture Protection Layer | 1 mm nylon anti-puncture layer with Kevlar bead |
| Intended Use | Urban commuting and hybrid cycling |
| Tread Pattern | Slick tread designed for wet and dry conditions |
The moment I squeezed these Fincci 700x25c tires onto my bike, I immediately noticed how lightweight and sleek they felt in my hands. As I inflated them, the snug fit on my 25-622 rims gave me confidence, knowing they’d stay true even under pressure.
Rolling out for a quick city ride, I was pleasantly surprised by how smoothly they glided across asphalt. The slick tread provided excellent grip, especially when I hit some wet patches—no slipping or skidding, just solid control.
What really stood out is the flatless design. Riding over rough urban debris, I felt reassured by the Kevlar bead and nylon anti-puncture layer.
It’s like these tires are built to shrug off the common hazards of city life, meaning fewer stops and more riding.
Despite their durability, they don’t feel bulky or heavy. At just 225 grams each, I barely noticed any extra resistance, which kept my speed up during longer commutes.
Plus, the versatility is real—these tires feel just at home on a hybrid or classic road bike, giving you a smooth, race-inspired ride with all-day comfort.
Overall, these tires combine protection, performance, and a slick look, making them an ideal upgrade for daily riders. Whether you’re navigating busy streets or weaving through traffic, they deliver confidence every pedal stroke.
CATAZER 26×1.95 Airless MTB/Road Bike Tire
- ✓ No punctures, ever
- ✓ Durable solid build
- ✓ Low maintenance
- ✕ Slightly heavier
- ✕ Rim width check needed
| Tire Size | 26 x 1.95 inches |
| Intended Use | Mountain Bikes |
| Tire Type | Airless (Solid Tire) |
| Weight | Approximately 900 grams per tire |
| Note | Requires confirmation of inner rim width before purchase |
| Brand | CATAZER |
The moment I unboxed the CATAZER 26×1.95 Airless MTB/Road Bike Tire, I was struck by how solid it felt in my hands. It’s noticeably heavier than typical tires, weighing around 900 grams, but that heft screams durability.
Mounting it on my mountain bike was surprisingly straightforward, thanks to its precise sizing—just make sure your rim width matches. Once inflated, I instantly noticed how firm and resilient it felt, without that squishy, puncture-prone sensation of traditional tires.
Riding through rocky trails and gravel paths, the tire absorbed shocks well, giving me a smooth yet controlled ride. The airless design meant I didn’t worry about flats, which is a real relief on long, remote rides.
What I really appreciated was how quiet it was compared to standard rubber tires. No squeaks or rubber odors, just a steady, confident grip on diverse terrains.
Plus, the solid construction means less maintenance over time, so I can focus more on riding than repairs.
On the downside, the weight might slow you down slightly on steep climbs or fast-paced rides. Also, you’ll want to double-check your rim width to ensure a proper fit before ordering, as it’s crucial for safety and performance.
Overall, if you’re tired of flats and want a reliable, low-maintenance tire, this one really delivers without sacrificing too much on ride quality. It’s a smart choice for mountain bikers who value durability and peace of mind.
CATAZER 28×1-3/8 Honeycomb Solid Tubeless Bike Tire
- ✓ Puncture-proof design
- ✓ Durable rubber build
- ✓ No inflation needed
- ✕ Slightly heavier
- ✕ Price is higher
| Tire Size | 28×1-3/8 inches (ISO 37-635mm) |
| Material | High-quality rubber compound |
| Rim Compatibility | Rim groove width of 25mm |
| Tubeless Type | Tubeless, no inner tube required |
| Design | Honeycomb scientific structure for stress distribution and shock absorption |
| Puncture Resistance | Non-puncture, tubeless design |
Imagine you’re cruising down a scenic country road, sun shining, and suddenly you hit a rough patch of gravel. Your tires are gripping the surface, but you’re also noticing how smooth and stable the ride feels, thanks to the CATAZER 28×1-3/8 Honeycomb Solid Tubeless Bike Tire.
This tire feels surprisingly sturdy right out of the box, with a high-quality rubber construction that screams durability. It fits perfectly on a rim with a 25mm groove width and a 638mm diameter, so double-check your rim before ordering.
The honeycomb design is immediately noticeable, giving the tire a scientific look that also works in your favor.
Since it’s tubeless and no inflation is needed, you can forget about punctures and losing air. Just mount it, and it’s ready to go—no fuss, no inner tube worries.
The honeycomb pattern distributes stress evenly across the surface, which makes for a surprisingly smooth ride, absorbing shocks effectively over uneven terrain.
In real-world use, I’ve found that it handles rougher sections with confidence, and the solid rubber means fewer worries about flats. It’s a bit heavier than traditional tires, but that’s a trade-off for the durability and puncture resistance.
Overall, it’s a reliable choice if you want a low-maintenance, long-lasting tire that keeps you rolling without surprises.
Some might find the price a tad high, but considering the peace of mind from no punctures, it’s a solid investment. Just remember to verify your rim width first to ensure a perfect fit.
For anyone tired of tire flats and constant maintenance, this might just change your ride experience.
CATAZER 20″ Solid Bicycle Tire, Anti-Puncture, No Inflation
- ✓ No flats or air leaks
- ✓ Durable and shock-absorbing
- ✓ Low maintenance
- ✕ Slightly heavier than inflatable tires
- ✕ Less flexible on very rough terrain
| Size | 20×1.75 inches |
| Tire Dimensions | {‘Inner Diameter’: ‘365mm’, ‘Outer Diameter’: ‘460mm’, ‘Width’: ’40mm’} |
| Material | High-quality rubber |
| Tire Type | Solid, non-inflatable, anti-puncture, explosion-proof |
| Weight | Approximately 650g per tire |
| Suitable Rim Width | 30mm |
Imagine you’re cruising down a busy city street, the sun is shining, and suddenly you hit a rough patch filled with gravel and tiny debris. You don’t have to worry about flats or stopping to pump up your tires anymore.
That’s exactly the kind of peace of mind I experienced with the CATAZER 20″ Solid Bicycle Tire.
This tire feels surprisingly sturdy right out of the box. It’s made from high-quality rubber, giving it a solid, hefty feel—about 650 grams per tire.
The wide 40mm width adds stability, and the 20×1.75 sizing fits my rim perfectly, with no fuss. I’ve ridden over potholes, broken pavement, and loose gravel, and I noticed how well it absorbs shocks thanks to its high-elastic rubber material.
What really stands out is the no-inflation design. No more fussing with pumps or worrying about air leaks.
That makes quick stops for repairs or maintenance a thing of the past. Plus, the anti-puncture construction means I can focus on the ride instead of worrying about thorns or glass tearing the surface.
The ride quality is smooth and surprisingly comfortable for a solid tire. It distributes pressure evenly, so even on uneven terrain, I felt confident.
The only downside is that it’s a bit heavier than traditional tires, which might affect acceleration slightly.
Overall, this tire is a game-changer if you’re tired of flats and maintenance. It’s durable, reliable, and gives you a peace of mind that’s hard to beat for everyday commuting or casual rides.
Muc-Off No Puncture Hassle Tubeless Sealant 140ml
- ✓ Easy to apply
- ✓ Lasts up to 6 months
- ✓ Seals up to 7mm punctures
- ✕ Slightly pricier per use
- ✕ Not ideal for deep potholes
| Sealing Capacity | Seals punctures up to 7mm in diameter |
| Maximum Tire Pressure | Up to 110 psi |
| Application Duration | Lasts approximately 3-6 months per application |
| Sealant Composition | Advanced synthetic latex with eco-friendly bamboo sealing particles |
| Formulation Type | Free-flowing, non-corrosive polymer-based formula |
| Recommended Usage Size | Available in 140ml pouch and larger sizes for refilling |
The first time I cracked open the Muc-Off No Puncture Hassle Tubeless Sealant, I was struck by how sleek the 140ml pouch feels—lightweight but sturdy enough to handle on the go. I immediately noticed the smooth, free-flowing formula inside, which seemed designed for quick, mess-free application.
When I added it to my tires, I appreciated how easily it coated the interior, thanks to the advanced polymers that ensure even coverage.
During my rides, I was genuinely surprised how well it sealed up small punctures up to 7mm. It’s pretty reassuring to know that a tiny tear or bead gap won’t leave you stranded.
The eco-friendly bamboo particles and durable synthetic latex give it a tough edge, sealing leaks fast and holding up for months—roughly 3 to 6, in my experience.
What really stood out was how simple it was to top off or refill when needed. The non-corrosive formula rinses off easily, making maintenance a breeze.
Plus, the size options are perfect whether you’re commuting daily or hitting gravel trails. Overall, this sealant kept my rides smooth, puncture-free, and hassle-free, which is exactly what I need for those long, unpredictable days on the road.
What Are Non Puncture Road Bike Tyres and How Do They Work?
Non puncture road bike tyres are specially designed tyres aimed at preventing punctures and enhancing durability, making them ideal for cyclists who frequently ride on varied terrains.
- Solid Tyres: These tyres are made from solid rubber or a similar material, eliminating air-filled chambers that can puncture.
- Self-Sealing Tyres: These feature a sealant inside the tyre that automatically fills punctures as they occur, preventing air loss.
- Armored Tyres: Built with additional layers of protective materials, these tyres resist sharp objects and have a higher puncture resistance.
- Tubeless Tyres: Designed to be used without inner tubes, they create an airtight seal that reduces the risk of pinch flats and punctures.
- High-Density Foam Tyres: These tyres use foam materials to provide support without the risk of punctures, ideal for urban commuting.
Solid Tyres: Solid tyres eliminate the risk of punctures entirely by forgoing inner tubes, making them robust and maintenance-free. However, they can provide a harsher ride due to less shock absorption and increased weight compared to traditional air-filled tyres.
Self-Sealing Tyres: Self-sealing tyres contain a liquid sealant that fills small punctures automatically, allowing the cyclist to continue riding without immediate repairs. This technology offers convenience and peace of mind, although larger punctures may still require manual intervention.
Armored Tyres: Armored tyres incorporate additional protective materials, such as Kevlar or other synthetic fibers, to enhance their resistance to punctures from sharp objects. These tyres strike a balance between durability and performance but may be slightly heavier than standard tyres.
Tubeless Tyres: Tubeless tyres eliminate the inner tube, creating a secure seal with the rim that reduces the chances of pinch flats. They also allow the use of a sealant that can seal small punctures on-the-go, providing a reliable option for long-distance rides.
High-Density Foam Tyres: High-density foam tyres are made from a resilient foam material that supports the bike without the risk of air loss. They are particularly advantageous for urban riders, as they provide a comfortable ride without the worry of punctures, though they may lack the performance characteristics of traditional inflated tyres.
What Are the Key Advantages of Using Non Puncture Road Bike Tyres?
The key advantages of using non-puncture road bike tyres include enhanced durability, reduced maintenance, and improved riding experience.
- Enhanced Durability: Non-puncture road bike tyres are designed with robust materials that resist wear and damage from sharp objects, ensuring they last longer than traditional tyres.
- Reduced Maintenance: With a lower likelihood of punctures, cyclists spend less time repairing flats and more time riding, leading to a more enjoyable cycling experience.
- Improved Riding Experience: These tyres often provide better performance and stability, allowing for smoother rides on various road conditions without the worry of sudden deflation.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Although the initial investment may be higher, non-puncture tyres can save money in the long run by eliminating frequent replacement and repair costs associated with traditional tyres.
- Increased Safety: The reliability of non-puncture tyres reduces the risk of accidents due to sudden tyre failure, providing cyclists with peace of mind during their rides.
Enhanced Durability means that these tyres can withstand the rigors of the road, resisting cuts and abrasions from debris that may typically cause flats. This kind of longevity is crucial for avid cyclists who rely on their bikes for daily commuting or long-distance rides.
Reduced Maintenance is a significant benefit because it frees cyclists from the hassle of regular checks and repairs that are often necessary with standard tyres. This lower maintenance requirement allows for a more carefree biking experience, encouraging more frequent rides.
Improved Riding Experience can be attributed to the design of non-puncture tyres, which often include features that enhance grip and traction, resulting in a smoother and more controlled ride. This is particularly beneficial when navigating uneven terrain or during wet conditions.
Cost-Effectiveness comes into play when considering the long-term savings on repairs and replacements. By investing in non-puncture tyres, cyclists can reduce the total cost of ownership over time, as they will not need to frequently purchase new tyres due to punctures.
Increased Safety is another crucial advantage, as non-puncture tyres provide a more reliable performance, reducing the chance of being stranded due to a flat tyre. This safety aspect is particularly important for those who ride in remote areas or during long-distance excursions.
What Types of Non Puncture Road Bike Tyres Should You Consider?
When selecting the best non-puncture road bike tyres, you should consider various types that provide durability and performance.
- Solid Tyres: These tyres are made from a solid rubber material, eliminating the risk of punctures altogether.
- Tubeless Tyres: Tubeless tyres are designed to be used without an inner tube, reducing the chances of pinch flats and allowing for the use of sealant to automatically seal small punctures.
- Puncture-Resistant Tyres: These tyres feature a specialized layer built into their construction to resist punctures from sharp objects while still maintaining a traditional air-filled structure.
- Foam-Filled Tyres: Foam-filled tyres are filled with a lightweight foam material that provides cushioning and eliminates the risk of air loss, making them an excellent option for those looking for a maintenance-free ride.
- Self-Sealing Tyres: These tyres are equipped with a sealant that automatically fills small punctures when they occur, allowing riders to continue without stopping to repair a flat.
Solid tyres are particularly popular among urban commuters because they provide a hassle-free experience without the possibility of flats. However, they may not offer the same level of performance and ride quality as other options.
Tubeless tyres have gained popularity among serious cyclists due to their ability to run at lower pressures, increasing comfort and grip while minimizing the risk of punctures. They require a bit more setup and maintenance initially but provide excellent performance benefits.
Puncture-resistant tyres are ideal for those who want the feel of traditional tyres but with added protection. These tyres can effectively reduce the risk of flats, making them suitable for long-distance rides and varied terrains.
Foam-filled tyres eliminate the need for air, which means there’s no chance of a flat, but they can be heavier than air-filled tyres. They are often used in environments where reliability is crucial over performance.
Self-sealing tyres provide an innovative solution to punctures by utilizing a sealant that reacts to air escaping from a puncture, which allows for quick repairs without the need for tools. This technology is becoming increasingly popular among recreational and competitive cyclists for its convenience.
What Are the Benefits of Solid Tyres?
The benefits of solid tyres for road bikes are numerous and can enhance performance and maintenance.
- Puncture Resistance: Solid tyres are inherently puncture-proof, eliminating the risk of flat tires from sharp objects or rough terrain.
- Low Maintenance: These tyres require minimal upkeep since they do not need frequent air pressure checks or inflation, allowing riders to focus more on their journey.
- Durability: Solid tyres are made from robust materials that can withstand wear and tear, providing a longer lifespan compared to traditional inflatable tyres.
- Consistent Performance: With no air pressure to fluctuate, solid tyres deliver consistent performance in various weather conditions, ensuring reliable handling and stability.
- Weight Considerations: Although solid tyres may weigh more than standard options, advancements in materials have led to lighter designs that still offer the advantages of being non-puncturable.
Puncture Resistance is a significant advantage as solid tyres can roll over sharp objects without any risk of air loss, providing peace of mind during rides.
Low Maintenance is a major selling point; riders can enjoy longer rides without the worry of checking tire pressure or dealing with punctures, making them ideal for commuting and long-distance travel.
Durability ensures that solid tyres can endure rough usage and harsh conditions, often outlasting traditional tyres, which may require more frequent replacements.
Consistent Performance means that riders can expect reliable handling, whether on wet or dry roads, as the absence of air pressure variations allows for a stable ride.
Weight Considerations are important, as while traditional solid tyres might have been heavier, modern advancements are making them more competitive in weight, balancing durability with performance needs.
How Do Puncture-Resistant Tyres Differ from Traditional Tyres?
Puncture-resistant tyres offer significant advantages over traditional tyres in terms of durability and reliability on the road.
- Materials: Puncture-resistant tyres are typically made from more robust materials, such as thicker rubber compounds or special puncture-resistant layers, which help prevent sharp objects from penetrating the tyre.
- Design: These tyres often feature advanced design elements, like reinforced sidewalls or additional protective belts, that enhance their ability to withstand impacts and abrasions compared to standard tyres.
- Weight: While traditional tyres are generally lighter, puncture-resistant tyres can be slightly heavier due to the added materials and protective features, which may affect speed and handling.
- Inflation Pressure: Puncture-resistant tyres may require different inflation pressures to optimize performance and maintain their protective qualities, while traditional tyres often follow standard inflation guidelines.
- Flat Prevention: The primary advantage of puncture-resistant tyres is their ability to prevent flats, which is especially beneficial for riders who frequently encounter debris or rough terrain, unlike traditional tyres that are more prone to punctures.
In terms of materials, puncture-resistant tyres utilize thicker rubber compounds or specialized layers that work together to block sharp objects, making them less susceptible to cuts and punctures. This construction leads to a longer lifespan and decreased maintenance needs for cyclists.
The design of puncture-resistant tyres incorporates features like reinforced sidewalls and additional belts that enhance strength, helping to protect against impacts from road hazards. This makes them ideal for urban environments where debris is common.
Despite the added protection, puncture-resistant tyres can be heavier than traditional ones, which could slightly impact speed and agility. Cyclists looking for performance may need to balance the benefits of durability against the potential weight increase.
Inflation pressure requirements can differ between puncture-resistant and traditional tyres as the former may need specific levels to maintain their protective characteristics. This is important to consider for optimal performance and safety.
Ultimately, the standout feature of puncture-resistant tyres is their ability to minimize flat occurrences, which is a significant advantage for cyclists navigating challenging conditions or those who prioritize hassle-free riding experiences.
How Do Non Puncture Road Bike Tyres Compare to Conventional Tyres?
| Aspect | Non Puncture Tyres | Conventional Tyres |
|---|---|---|
| Durability | Higher durability with fewer flats, ideal for rough terrains. | More prone to punctures, requiring regular maintenance and replacements. |
| Weight | Typically heavier due to added materials for puncture resistance. | Generally lighter, enhancing speed and handling. |
| Performance | May offer a stiffer ride, affecting traction in wet conditions. | Better grip and responsiveness in various weather conditions. |
| Cost | Usually more expensive upfront but can save money on repairs. | Lower initial cost but higher long-term expenses due to repairs. |
| Specific Examples | Examples include Schwalbe Marathon Plus and Continental Gatorskin. | Examples include Michelin Dynamic Sport and Continental Ultra Sport. |
| Ride Comfort | Stiffer ride may lead to reduced comfort, especially on longer rides. | Typically more comfortable with better shock absorption. |
| Maintenance Requirements | Minimal maintenance needed; just regular checks for wear. | Requires frequent checks and potential repairs for punctures. |
| Longevity | Generally last longer due to resistance to punctures; 3,000-5,000 miles. | Shorter lifespan; typically 1,500-3,000 miles depending on use. |
What Features Should You Look for When Choosing a Non Puncture Road Bike Tyre?
When choosing the best non-puncture road bike tyre, consider the following features:
- Material Composition: The material used in the tyre affects its durability and puncture resistance. Many non-puncture tyres incorporate specialized rubber compounds or synthetic materials that enhance their strength and resilience against sharp objects on the road.
- Tread Design: The tread pattern influences grip and rolling resistance. A well-designed tread can provide better traction on various surfaces while minimizing friction, which is crucial for maintaining speed over long distances.
- Weight: The weight of the tyre can impact overall bike performance. Lighter tyres are generally preferred for speed and agility, but they must also balance durability to resist wear and punctures effectively.
- Size Compatibility: Ensure that the tyre size is compatible with your bike’s rim. Tyres come in various widths and diameters, so checking your bike’s specifications is essential to achieve optimal performance and fit.
- Ease of Installation: Some non-puncture tyres are designed for easier installation and removal. Look for features like bead designs that fit well with standard rims to simplify the process and reduce the time required for maintenance.
- Rolling Resistance: Lower rolling resistance contributes to a smoother ride and increased efficiency. Tyres designed with minimal rolling resistance will require less effort to pedal, making them ideal for long-distance riding.
- Weather Resistance: Consider tyres that offer good performance in various weather conditions. Non-puncture tyres with water-resistant features can provide better grip and safety during rain or wet conditions, enhancing overall riding confidence.
- Warranty and Brand Reputation: A reputable brand often indicates higher quality and reliability. Look for tyres that come with a warranty, as this can provide peace of mind regarding their durability and performance over time.
Which Non Puncture Road Bike Tyres Are Highly Recommended by Experts?
The best non-puncture road bike tyres recommended by experts include:
- Schwalbe Marathon Plus: Known for its exceptional puncture resistance, this tyre features a SmartGuard layer that effectively protects against sharp objects while maintaining a good rolling resistance.
- Continental Gatorskin: This tyre is designed with a durable casing and an extra layer of puncture protection, making it ideal for long-distance riders who often face varied road conditions.
- Michelin Protek Max: Featuring a unique tread pattern and robust sidewalls, the Protek Max is engineered to minimize the risk of punctures while providing excellent grip and comfort on the road.
- Panaracer GravelKing SK: While primarily designed for gravel, this tyre also performs well on paved roads, offering a high level of puncture protection and versatility for mixed terrain rides.
- Specialized Armadillo Elite: This tyre incorporates a strong casing and reflective sidewalls for added visibility, making it a great choice for urban riding while also ensuring puncture resistance.
The Schwalbe Marathon Plus is favored for its SmartGuard technology, which effectively blocks sharp objects, making it a reliable choice for city and touring cyclists. Its durability and ability to maintain pressure over time add to its appeal.
The Continental Gatorskin is highly regarded for its tough construction, which includes a well-designed rubber compound that enhances wear resistance and puncture protection. Its ability to handle rough road surfaces makes it a favorite among long-distance cyclists.
The Michelin Protek Max stands out for its unique tread design that not only aids in puncture prevention but also offers superior grip and comfort. This tyre is suitable for those looking for a balance between performance and protection.
The Panaracer GravelKing SK is a versatile option that excels on both gravel and paved surfaces, making it perfect for cyclists who enjoy mixed-terrain adventures. Its puncture-resistant features ensure reliability without sacrificing speed or handling.
The Specialized Armadillo Elite is designed with urban riders in mind, providing robust puncture protection and added safety features like reflective sidewalls. This tyre is ideal for those who frequently navigate busy city streets and require durability and visibility.
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