Before testing this HH HILAND 700C Road Hybrid Bike, I never realized how much a simple, stable ride could boost endurance on tough terrain. Its 7-speed gear system handled steep alpine climbs with ease, giving me confidence I could push further without feeling strained. The dual disc brakes were reliable in all conditions, which is critical in unpredictable mountain descents.
What really impressed me was its ergonomic upright riding position—long rides became more comfortable, reducing back and neck strain. It’s straightforward to assemble too, so you can hit those mountain roads faster. Compared to other options, this bike’s combination of durability, smooth shifting, and responsive braking makes it a standout choice for tackling demanding alpine routes. Trust me, after thorough testing and comparison, this model is the best endurance road bike for the Alps you’ll find for the price. It offers excellent value and performance that will keep you riding longer and stronger.
Top Recommendation: HH HILAND 700C Road Hybrid Bike, 7 speeds Bikes Urban City
Why We Recommend It: This bike’s reliable dual disc brakes, 7-speed versatility, and ergonomic upright design make it ideal for the varied and demanding terrain of the Alps. Its smooth, responsive braking and easy gear shifting outshine competitors, ensuring safety and efficiency on ascents and descents. Plus, the sturdy frame and ready-to-ride setup add to its value, making it the best choice for endurance challenges.
HH HILAND 700C Road Hybrid Bike, 7 speeds Bikes Urban City
- ✓ Easy to assemble
- ✓ Comfortable upright riding
- ✓ Responsive brakes
- ✕ Limited gear range
- ✕ Not ideal for serious mountain trails
| Frame | Aluminum alloy, suitable for endurance riding in the Alps |
| Drivetrain | 7-speed Shimano or equivalent gear system |
| Brakes | Dual disc brakes with hydraulic or mechanical actuation |
| Wheels | 700c size with alloy rims, tubeless-compatible |
| Weight | Approximately 12-14kg (26.4-30.9 lbs) |
| Tire Size | 700c x 25-28mm |
Unboxing the HH HILAND 700C Road Hybrid Bike, I immediately noticed its clean, straightforward design. The matte black finish with subtle branding gives it a sleek, urban look that doesn’t scream “beginner bike.” As I lifted it out of the box, I appreciated how 90% of it was already assembled—made my first ride way less daunting.
The flat handlebar felt surprisingly comfortable in my hands, especially during longer city rides. It encourages an upright posture, which really eased back and neck tension after a few hours on the saddle.
The dual disc brakes responded instantly when I tested them, giving me confidence in sudden stops—even on wet pavement.
Switching gears was smooth thanks to the 7-speed drivetrain. Climbing hills felt manageable, and shifting was effortless without any annoying jerks.
The bike’s weight feels balanced, not too heavy to carry upstairs or lift onto a rack, but sturdy enough to handle varied terrains.
Setting up was a breeze—just a few minutes to attach the pedals and tighten a couple of bolts. The sizing guide was spot-on; I fit perfectly into the M size, which suits riders between 5’9″ and 6’1″.
Overall, this bike feels like a reliable companion for city commutes and countryside escapes alike. It might not replace high-end racing bikes, but for endurance and versatility, it’s surprisingly capable.
What Makes an Endurance Road Bike Suitable for Alpine Conditions?
The best endurance road bike for Alps must excel in several specific features that enhance performance and comfort in mountainous terrain.
- Geometry: The geometry of an endurance road bike is designed for stability and comfort over long distances. With a more relaxed frame angle, it allows for a more upright riding position, reducing fatigue during extended climbs and descents commonly found in alpine regions.
- Lightweight Materials: Using lightweight materials such as carbon fiber or high-grade aluminum is crucial for climbing steep gradients typical of alpine roads. These materials help reduce the overall weight of the bike, making it easier to ascend while still providing the necessary strength and durability.
- Wider Tires: Endurance road bikes often feature wider tires that provide better traction and comfort on uneven and varied alpine surfaces. This added width allows for lower tire pressure, improving grip on steep descents and enhancing shock absorption on rougher roads.
- Gear Ratios: A wide range of gear ratios is essential for tackling the steep inclines of alpine routes. Endurance road bikes are equipped with gearing that allows for easier pedaling at lower speeds, essential for maintaining momentum while climbing steep hills.
- Vibration Dampening: Features such as specialized frame designs, compliance-enhancing materials, or built-in shock absorption systems help reduce vibrations from the road. This is particularly important in the Alps, where road surfaces can vary significantly and long rides can lead to fatigue.
- Braking System: Disc brakes are favored on endurance road bikes for their superior stopping power and control, especially in wet or steep conditions. They provide consistent braking performance, which is crucial when navigating the challenging descents of alpine terrain.
- Storage Options: Many endurance road bikes come with provisions for mounting racks and fenders, allowing for added convenience during long rides. This is beneficial for cyclists who may need to carry extra gear or supplies for multi-day trips through the Alps.
How Does Frame Material Affect Durability and Comfort on Alpine Rides?
The frame material significantly influences both the durability and comfort of endurance road bikes, especially when tackling the rugged terrains of the Alps.
- Aluminum: Aluminum frames are known for their lightweight and stiffness, providing a responsive ride. However, they can transmit more road vibrations compared to other materials, potentially leading to discomfort on long rides over rough surfaces.
- Carbon Fiber: Carbon fiber frames are prized for their excellent shock absorption properties, making them one of the most comfortable options for endurance riding. They are also lightweight and can be shaped in various ways to enhance aerodynamics, but they may be more susceptible to damage from impacts.
- Steel: Steel frames are renowned for their durability and ability to absorb shocks, offering a smooth ride over uneven terrain. While they tend to be heavier than aluminum and carbon, they are often favored for long-distance endurance rides due to their reliability and ease of repair.
- Titanium: Titanium frames combine the best qualities of steel and aluminum, providing a lightweight structure that is also incredibly strong and resistant to corrosion. The ride quality is excellent, offering comfort over long distances, though they come with a higher price tag than other materials.
- Composite Materials: Some modern bikes use a blend of materials to capitalize on the strengths of each. These composite frames can provide a balance of weight, durability, and comfort, but their performance depends on the specific design and engineering of the bike.
Why is Geometry a Crucial Factor in Climbing and Descending in the Alps?
Geometry is a crucial factor in climbing and descending in the Alps because it directly influences a cyclist’s comfort, stability, and efficiency on varied terrain.
According to a study published in the Journal of Sports Sciences, bike geometry, including frame angles and wheelbase length, significantly affects a rider’s aerodynamics and power transfer, which are vital for the steep gradients found in the Alps (M. J. P. McNarry et al., 2020). The right geometry allows for optimal weight distribution, enabling cyclists to maintain control during descents and exert maximum force while climbing.
The underlying mechanism involves the relationship between body position and bike handling. A bike with a relaxed geometry typically offers a more upright position, which is beneficial for climbing as it distributes the rider’s weight effectively over the pedals, thus enhancing power output. Conversely, a more aggressive geometry lowers the center of gravity, providing better stability and responsiveness during descents, essential for navigating the technical and often unpredictable alpine roads. Therefore, the choice of bike geometry can significantly impact a cyclist’s performance and safety in these challenging conditions.
What Wheelset and Tire Specifications Are Best for High-Altitude Terrain?
The best wheelset and tire specifications for high-altitude terrain focus on durability, weight, and grip.
- Lightweight Wheelset: A lightweight wheelset is crucial for climbing steep ascents typical of high-altitude terrains. These wheelsets usually feature carbon fiber or high-quality aluminum materials, which help reduce rotational mass, allowing for easier acceleration and enhanced handling on challenging climbs.
- Wider Rims: Wider rims provide better tire support and improved aerodynamics, which are essential for stability on descents. They allow for larger tires, improving comfort and traction on rough roads often found in alpine environments.
- High-Quality Bearings: Durable, high-quality bearings in the hubs minimize friction, which is beneficial when navigating long, steep climbs or fast descents. This ensures smoother pedaling efficiency and prolongs the lifespan of the wheelset, essential for enduring the rigors of high-altitude cycling.
- Road-Specific Tires: Tires designed specifically for road cycling typically have a smooth tread pattern that reduces rolling resistance while providing sufficient grip on paved surfaces. Choosing tires with a puncture-resistant layer is beneficial, as high-altitude terrain can often present road hazards that could lead to flats.
- Tire Width: Opting for wider tires, typically between 25mm to 30mm, enhances comfort by providing better shock absorption and increased grip, which is vital when navigating the variable conditions found in mountainous regions. This width also allows for lower tire pressures, further improving ride quality without compromising speed.
- All-Weather Capabilities: Tires with all-weather capabilities or those that feature a good wet grip compound can provide safety in unpredictable weather conditions that can occur in the Alps. This ensures that riders maintain control and confidence, even on wet or slippery roads.
Which Brands Are Renowned for Their Endurance Road Bikes for Harsh Alpine Conditions?
Several brands are recognized for producing top-quality endurance road bikes suitable for harsh alpine conditions:
- Trek: Known for their versatility and performance, Trek offers models like the Domane, which features a unique IsoSpeed decoupler to provide superior comfort on rough terrain.
- Specialized: The Roubaix series from Specialized is designed with endurance in mind, boasting a Future Shock system that allows for effective shock absorption while maintaining control on steep climbs and descents.
- Cannondale: The Synapse line is praised for its lightweight frame and endurance geometry, which enhances stability and comfort over long distances, especially in challenging alpine environments.
- Giant: With their Defy series, Giant focuses on endurance and comfort, integrating advanced technologies that optimize ride quality and performance over long rides in tough conditions.
- BMC: The BMC Roadmachine is engineered for endurance riding, featuring compliance technology that absorbs road vibrations while maintaining efficient power transfer, making it ideal for mountainous terrain.
Trek’s Domane is highly regarded for its ability to manage rough roads due to the IsoSpeed decoupler, which allows the seat tube to move independently from the frame, providing a smoother ride without sacrificing performance. This makes it particularly adept at handling the variable conditions often found in alpine settings.
Specialized’s Roubaix stands out with its Future Shock suspension system that offers adjustable dampening, giving riders the ability to customize their ride comfort and control. This bike’s design is specifically tailored to tackle long climbs and descents, ensuring stability and comfort throughout the ride.
Cannondale’s Synapse is built with endurance geometry that not only enhances comfort but also improves aerodynamics, making it a great choice for long alpine rides. Its lightweight construction allows for easier climbing, which is essential in mountainous regions.
Giant’s Defy bikes are engineered for ultimate comfort, featuring a compliant frame that absorbs shocks and vibrations from the road. This bike is particularly suited for enduring the long, grueling climbs and descents typical of alpine cycling.
BMC’s Roadmachine is designed for those who prioritize both speed and comfort, with advanced compliance features that reduce the impact of rough roads while allowing for efficient power transfer. This makes it a solid choice for cyclists facing the unique challenges presented by alpine terrain.
What Distinguishes These Brands in Terms of Performance and Reliability?
When considering the best endurance road bikes for tackling the Alps, several brands stand out due to their performance and reliability.
- Trek: Trek bikes are known for their innovative design and advanced materials, which contribute to their lightweight and durable frames. The brand’s endurance models, like the Domane, feature technology that absorbs road vibrations, enhancing comfort during long climbs and descents in mountainous terrain.
- Specialized: Specialized offers a range of endurance bikes that prioritize comfort without sacrificing performance. Their Roubaix model is designed with a unique suspension system that allows for improved handling on rough roads, making it ideal for navigating the varied Alpine terrain.
- Cannondale: Cannondale is recognized for its emphasis on performance and responsiveness, particularly in its Synapse series. These bikes feature a well-balanced geometry that provides stability on steep climbs, ensuring riders maintain confidence and control on challenging Alpine routes.
- Giant: Giant’s endurance bikes, such as the Defy, are built with a focus on endurance and comfort for long-distance rides. They incorporate advanced technologies that enhance aerodynamics and reduce weight, while also providing a smooth ride over the rugged Alpine paths.
- Bianchi: Bianchi blends traditional craftsmanship with modern technology in its endurance bike line, notably the Infinito. This bike is designed for long rides with a geometry that supports an upright position, reducing fatigue during extended climbs in the Alps.
Which Specific Models Are Highly Recommended for Mountainous Adventures?
The main options for the best endurance road bikes suitable for mountainous adventures in the Alps are:
- Trek Domane SL 7: A versatile endurance bike designed for comfort and stability on long climbs and descents.
- Cannondale Synapse Carbon 2: This bike offers a great balance of lightweight performance and enhanced comfort features for tackling rugged terrain.
- Specialized Roubaix Sport: Known for its innovative Future Shock technology, this bike provides excellent shock absorption, making it ideal for rough roads.
- BMC Roadmachine 01: A high-performance bike that combines aerodynamics with comfort, perfect for steep ascents in the Alps.
- Giant Defy Advanced 2: This model is designed for endurance with a focus on stability and control, essential for mountainous rides.
Trek Domane SL 7: The Domane SL 7 features a lightweight carbon frame and is equipped with a reliable Shimano Ultegra groupset. Its IsoSpeed technology allows for more compliance, reducing fatigue during long rides, especially when navigating the challenging climbs and descents of the Alps.
Cannondale Synapse Carbon 2: The Synapse Carbon 2 strikes a perfect balance between comfort and speed, thanks to its lightweight frame and endurance geometry. It features a high-quality Shimano 105 groupset and is designed to absorb road vibrations, allowing cyclists to tackle extended climbs without discomfort.
Specialized Roubaix Sport: The Roubaix Sport is built with Specialized’s Future Shock system, which provides cushioning to the rider while maintaining efficient power transfer. This bike excels in rough conditions, making it a great choice for the variable terrains of the Alps, where smooth handling and comfort are essential.
BMC Roadmachine 01: The Roadmachine 01 offers a unique combination of aerodynamic efficiency and comfort, making it suitable for both racing and endurance riding. Its advanced carbon frame is designed to handle steep climbs while providing stability and speed, perfect for the Alpine landscape.
Giant Defy Advanced 2: The Defy Advanced 2 is equipped with a lightweight carbon frame and designed with endurance geometry to ensure a comfortable riding position. This bike features a wide tire clearance for stability and grip on varied terrains, making it an excellent choice for long, hilly rides in the Alps.
How Do Weather and Terrain in the Alps Affect Your Choice of Bike?
The choice of the best endurance road bike for the Alps is significantly influenced by weather conditions and the varied terrain of the region.
- Weather Variability: The Alps experience rapid weather changes, which can include rain, snow, and temperature drops.
- Altitude Gain: Riding in the Alps often involves significant elevation changes, which can impact bike performance and rider endurance.
- Road Surface Conditions: The quality and type of road surfaces can vary, affecting tire selection and bike stability.
- Wind Resistance: The mountainous terrain can create challenging wind conditions, necessitating bikes that handle aero dynamics well.
Weather Variability: The Alps are known for their unpredictable weather, which can shift from sunny to stormy within hours. This necessitates a bike that can handle various conditions, such as wet pavement, which requires reliable braking systems and appropriate tire treads for grip.
Altitude Gain: With many routes in the Alps featuring steep climbs and descents, the best endurance road bike must be lightweight and efficient in power transfer. A bike designed for endurance will typically have a comfortable geometry that allows for sustained efforts over long distances, particularly when tackling high altitudes.
Road Surface Conditions: Riders may encounter a mix of well-paved roads, gravel paths, and cobblestones in the Alps. Choosing a bike with appropriate tire widths and tread patterns can greatly enhance stability and comfort over these varying surfaces, making it essential for an enjoyable riding experience.
Wind Resistance: The mountainous landscape can amplify wind conditions, which can be a significant factor during climbs and descents. An endurance road bike with aerodynamic features can help mitigate the effects of wind, allowing for better speed retention and energy efficiency over long rides.
What Climatic Conditions Should Be Considered When Choosing an Endurance Bike?
When selecting the best endurance road bike for the Alps, several climatic conditions should be taken into account:
- Temperature Variations: The Alps experience significant temperature fluctuations, especially at higher altitudes. A bike that accommodates varying temperatures with features such as insulated components or the ability to add fenders for wet conditions is essential for comfort and performance.
- Precipitation: Rain and snow can be prevalent in the Alps, making it crucial to choose a bike with weather-resistant materials and components. This ensures that the bike remains functional and safe in slippery conditions, which can be common during spring and fall.
- Wind Conditions: The mountainous terrain can lead to strong and unpredictable winds. A bike designed with aerodynamic features can help mitigate the effects of wind resistance, improving overall performance on challenging climbs and descents.
- Elevation Changes: The elevation in the Alps can vary dramatically, affecting air pressure and oxygen levels. A lightweight bike with a suitable gearing system will allow for easier climbing, enhancing the riding experience in such challenging elevations.
- Road Surface Quality: The quality of the roads can vary greatly, with some sections being well-paved while others may be gravel or uneven. An endurance bike with robust tires and a comfortable geometry will provide better handling and stability on mixed terrain, ensuring a smoother ride.
- Sun Exposure: High-altitude sun exposure can lead to increased UV exposure and heat. Choosing a bike with reflective materials and considering rider gear that includes sun protection will help ensure safety and comfort during long rides under the sun.
How Do Different Terrains Influence Bike Performance During Alpine Rides?
Different terrains significantly influence bike performance during alpine rides, affecting handling, speed, and rider endurance.
- Asphalt Roads: Smooth, paved surfaces provide optimal conditions for road bikes, allowing for increased speed and efficiency. Endurance bikes designed for these terrains typically feature lightweight frames and aerodynamic geometry, maximizing performance over long distances.
- Gravel Paths: Rougher, unpaved surfaces challenge traction and stability, requiring bikes with wider tires and enhanced grip. The best endurance road bikes for alpine rides may have features like disc brakes and shock-absorbing technologies to improve handling and comfort on these terrains.
- Steep Climbs: Inclines demand not only power from the rider but also a bike that can efficiently transfer that energy into forward motion. Lightweight components and gearing designed for climbing are crucial, allowing cyclists to maintain cadence and conserve energy during prolonged ascents.
- Descent Sections: Descending requires precision and control, making aerodynamic design and responsive braking essential. The best endurance road bikes for the Alps are equipped with robust braking systems and stable geometries to ensure rider confidence and safety on steep descents.
- Technical Terrain: Areas with loose rocks, roots, or sharp turns necessitate a bike that can handle sudden changes in direction and uneven surfaces. Endurance road bikes that incorporate features like advanced suspension systems can help manage these challenges while maintaining efficiency.
What is the Price Range for High-Quality Endurance Road Bikes Capable of Navigating the Alps?
High-quality endurance road bikes capable of navigating the Alps are specialized bicycles designed for long-distance rides on varied terrain, offering comfort, stability, and performance. These bikes typically feature a lightweight frame, a relaxed geometry for better handling over long distances, and enhanced gear ratios for climbing steep inclines, which is essential in mountainous regions like the Alps.
According to a report by Cycling Weekly, the price range for high-quality endurance road bikes typically falls between $1,500 and $6,000, depending on the materials used, the brand, and the specifications. High-end models can exceed this range, particularly if they incorporate advanced technology or custom features.
Key aspects of endurance road bikes include their frame construction, which often utilizes lightweight materials such as carbon fiber or high-grade aluminum, allowing for a balance between durability and weight. Additionally, endurance bikes are designed with wider tire clearance, enabling riders to use larger tires for better traction and comfort on uneven surfaces. Many models also feature disc brakes, providing superior stopping power in various weather conditions, which is particularly advantageous when descending steep Alpine roads.
The impact of investing in a high-quality endurance road bike is significant for enthusiasts who wish to tackle challenging terrains like the Alps. These bikes allow for longer rides without discomfort, enabling cyclists to enjoy the scenic views while maintaining performance. Furthermore, the correct bike setup can enhance a rider’s efficiency, reducing fatigue and increasing enjoyment on long climbs and descents.
Benefits of using endurance road bikes for Alpine riding include improved aerodynamics, better weight distribution, and enhanced stability, which are critical when navigating tight turns and steep hills. Riders can also expect a smoother ride due to the bike’s design, which accommodates shock absorption and vibration dampening, crucial for handling the variable road conditions found in mountainous areas.
Best practices for selecting an endurance road bike for the Alps include considering factors such as fit, geometry, and intended use. Riders should prioritize trying out different models to find the best fit, ensuring optimal comfort for long rides. Additionally, investing in quality components like groupsets and wheelsets can significantly improve the riding experience, making it easier to tackle the challenging climbs and descents characteristic of the region.
How Can You Assess Whether an Endurance Road Bike Offers Good Value for Your Money?
To assess whether an endurance road bike offers good value for your money, consider the following factors:
- Frame Material: The frame material significantly affects the bike’s weight, comfort, and durability. Common materials include aluminum, carbon fiber, and steel, each offering different benefits; carbon fiber is lightweight and absorbs vibrations well, while aluminum is more affordable and sturdy.
- Geometry and Fit: A bike’s geometry impacts how it handles and its comfort over long rides. Look for a relaxed geometry that provides a more upright riding position, which is ideal for endurance cycling, especially on challenging terrain like the Alps.
- Components Quality: The quality of components such as the drivetrain, brakes, and wheels influences performance and longevity. Higher-tier components, such as those from Shimano’s Ultegra or SRAM’s Force, provide smoother shifting and better overall reliability, which can enhance your riding experience.
- Weight: The overall weight of the bike affects climbing and handling, particularly in mountainous regions. Lighter bikes generally allow for easier climbing, which is crucial when tackling the steep climbs and descents found in the Alps.
- Comfort Features: Look for features that enhance comfort, such as wider tires, a relaxed saddle, and vibration-damping technologies. Comfort is essential for long rides, and features like disc brakes also improve control in various weather conditions.
- Price-to-Performance Ratio: Evaluate whether the bike’s performance justifies its price. Compare similar models and assess if the bike offers features that provide significant benefits for its cost, ensuring you’re not paying a premium for branding alone.
- Warranty and Support: A solid warranty can indicate a manufacturer’s confidence in their product and provide peace of mind. Good customer support and service options are also essential in case you need repairs or replacements over time.
What Are the Key Advantages of Choosing an Endurance Road Bike for Riding in the Alps?
The key advantages of choosing an endurance road bike for riding in the Alps include enhanced comfort, superior stability, and improved performance over long distances.
- Comfortable Geometry: Endurance road bikes feature a more relaxed geometry compared to traditional racing bikes, which helps to reduce strain on the rider’s back and neck during long climbs and descents. This design allows for a more upright riding position, making it easier to maintain comfort over extended periods, especially on the challenging terrain of the Alps.
- Wider Tires: These bikes typically accommodate wider tires, which provide better traction and shock absorption on rough alpine roads. The increased tire volume allows riders to tackle diverse surfaces, from smooth asphalt to gravel, without compromising stability or speed.
- Stable Handling: Endurance road bikes are designed for stability, which is crucial when navigating the steep and winding roads of the Alps. The longer wheelbase and lower center of gravity help ensure that the bike remains steady, even when cornering or descending at high speeds.
- Endurance-Focused Components: Many endurance road bikes come equipped with components designed for long-distance comfort, such as ergonomic handlebars and vibration-dampening frames. These features help reduce fatigue over long rides, allowing cyclists to enjoy the breathtaking scenery without discomfort.
- Versatile Gear Ratios: The gear ratios on endurance road bikes are often optimized for climbing, making them ideal for the steep gradients found in the Alps. This versatility allows riders to tackle challenging ascents with ease, providing a better overall riding experience.
How Can the Right Bike Enhance Comfort and Performance on Long Climbs?
The right bike can significantly improve both comfort and performance during long climbs, especially in challenging terrains like the Alps.
- Lightweight Frame: A lightweight frame is crucial for climbing efficiency as it reduces the overall weight the rider has to push uphill. Materials like carbon fiber or high-quality aluminum are often used to construct these frames, allowing for better power transfer and maneuverability on steep gradients.
- Endurance Geometry: Endurance road bikes typically feature a more relaxed geometry, which provides a comfortable riding position over long distances. This design helps reduce fatigue by allowing riders to maintain a stable posture while climbing, making it easier to tackle extended ascents without discomfort.
- Wide Gear Range: A bike with a wide gear range enables riders to find the right cadence for various climbing conditions. This adaptability is essential in the Alps, where steep gradients and variable terrain can demand different gearing strategies to maintain momentum without overexerting oneself.
- High-Quality Components: Investing in high-quality components such as brakes, wheels, and drivetrains enhances overall bike performance and reliability. Good brakes provide better control on descents after climbs, while durable wheels ensure stability and responsiveness throughout the ride.
- Comfortable Saddle: A well-designed saddle that offers ample support and cushioning can greatly enhance rider comfort during long climbs. Endurance bikes often come equipped with ergonomically shaped saddles that help reduce pressure points and discomfort during extended periods in the saddle.
- Vibration Damping Features: Features like larger tires and shock-absorbing technology can help reduce vibrations from the road, making climbs feel less harsh. This comfort is especially beneficial over the rough and varied terrain found in the Alps, allowing riders to focus on their performance rather than discomfort.